[feature] Corrected and unified GitHub-Actions C/C++ CI workflow

[a-michelis]

As there where many problems with the previous C-Cpp Github actions workflow, a few changes were made:

• All checkout steps were bumped from v2 to v4, as v2 is about to be deprecated
• Instead of individual jobs , two matrices were implemented: one for x32 compilations and one for x64
• Compilation flags and compiler definitions are now properly defined using env keys within the workflow
• All make calls were replaced with their equivalent cmake counterparts, to provide a unified methodology of testing across all platforms and OSes.
• Many more OS-Compiler variants were added -all of which are used for both x32 and x64 compilation. The list now consists of:
  • Ubuntu 20.04:
    • GCC-9
    • GCC-10
    • CLang 10
    • CLang 12
  • Ubuntu 22.04:
    • GCC-10
    • GCC-11
    • GCC-12
    • CLang 11
    • CLang 12
    • CLang 13
    • CLang 14
    • CLang 15
  • Ubuntu 24.04:
    • GCC-10
    • GCC-11
    • GCC-12
    • GCC-13
    • CLang 14
    • CLang 15
    • CLang 16
    • CLang 17
    • CLang 18

This PR Closes #1446 .

[Nightwalker-87]

Thank you very much for this valuable contribution. 🥇