Simplest type inference works: id for tuples

```ts
tupleId: <...T>(x:...T) => ...T;
let t = tupleId(["foo", 1]);
let u: [number, string] = t;
```

Some small cleanups scattered around too.

src/compiler/checker.ts

@@ -3952,6 +3952,9 @@ namespace ts {
                 if (type.flags & TypeFlags.Reference && (<TypeReference>type).target === globalArrayType) {
                     return (<TypeReference>type).typeArguments[0];
                 }
+                else if (type.flags & TypeFlags.TupleKind) {
+                    return type;
+                }
             }
             return anyType;
         }
@@ -5823,8 +5826,8 @@ namespace ts {
             return !!getPropertyOfType(type, "0");
         }
 
-        function isStringLiteralType(type: Type) {
-            return type.flags & TypeFlags.StringLiteral;
+        function isStringLiteralType(type: Type): boolean {
+            return !!(type.flags & TypeFlags.StringLiteral);
         }
 
         /**
@@ -6059,30 +6062,55 @@ namespace ts {
                         return;
                     }
 
-                    const typeParameters = context.typeParameters;
-                    for (let i = 0; i < typeParameters.length; i++) {
-                        if (target === typeParameters[i]) {
-                            const inferences = context.inferences[i];
-                            if (!inferences.isFixed) {
-                                // Any inferences that are made to a type parameter in a union type are inferior
-                                // to inferences made to a flat (non-union) type. This is because if we infer to
-                                // T | string[], we really don't know if we should be inferring to T or not (because
-                                // the correct constituent on the target side could be string[]). Therefore, we put
-                                // such inferior inferences into a secondary bucket, and only use them if the primary
-                                // bucket is empty.
-                                const candidates = inferiority ?
-                                    inferences.secondary || (inferences.secondary = []) :
-                                    inferences.primary || (inferences.primary = []);
-                                if (!contains(candidates, source)) {
-                                    candidates.push(source);
-                                }
+                    const i = indexOf(context.typeParameters, target);
+                    if (i > -1) {
+                        const inferences = context.inferences[i];
+                        if (!inferences.isFixed) {
+                            // Any inferences that are made to a type parameter in a union type are inferior
+                            // to inferences made to a flat (non-union) type. This is because if we infer to
+                            // T | string[], we really don't know if we should be inferring to T or not (because
+                            // the correct constituent on the target side could be string[]). Therefore, we put
+                            // such inferior inferences into a secondary bucket, and only use them if the primary
+                            // bucket is empty.
+                            const candidates = inferiority ?
+                                inferences.secondary || (inferences.secondary = []) :
+                                inferences.primary || (inferences.primary = []);
+                            if (!contains(candidates, source)) {
+                                candidates.push(source);
                             }
-                            return;
                         }
+                        return;
                     }
                 }
                 else if (target.flags & TypeFlags.TupleKind) {
-                    // TODO: Some stuff here. It should look a LOT like the previous branch, so maybe just merge the two.
+                    // TODO: Source should be a tuple for us to infer anything. 
+                    // If it's a tuple, I think the code will be nearly the same as the previous branch.
+
+                    // If target is a type parameter, make an inference if the source type is a tuple-like type.
+                    // If it's not, hopefully it will get fixed to a tuple and the second (nth?) round of inference will succeed.
+                    if (!isTupleLikeType(source)) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    const i = indexOf(context.typeParameters, target);
+                    if (i > -1) {
+                        const inferences = context.inferences[i];
+                        if (!inferences.isFixed) {
+                            // Any inferences that are made to a type parameter in a union type are inferior
+                            // to inferences made to a flat (non-union) type. This is because if we infer to
+                            // T | string[], we really don't know if we should be inferring to T or not (because
+                            // the correct constituent on the target side could be string[]). Therefore, we put
+                            // such inferior inferences into a secondary bucket, and only use them if the primary
+                            // bucket is empty.
+                            const candidates = inferiority ?
+                                inferences.secondary || (inferences.secondary = []) :
+                                inferences.primary || (inferences.primary = []);
+                            if (!contains(candidates, source)) {
+                                candidates.push(source);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        return;
+                    }
                 }
                 else if (source.flags & TypeFlags.Reference && target.flags & TypeFlags.Reference && (<TypeReference>source).target === (<TypeReference>target).target) {
                     // If source and target are references to the same generic type, infer from type arguments
@@ -6111,10 +6139,10 @@ namespace ts {
                             typeParameter = <TypeParameter>t;
                             typeParameterCount++;
                         }
-                        else if(t.flags & TypeFlags.TupleKind) {
+                        else if (t.flags & TypeFlags.TupleKind) {
                             // TODO: freak out and throw up our hands!! (I don't think spreading kinds across unions should be in v1 -- this should be checked elsewhere)
                             // For now, throw a useless string.
-                            throw 'oh no!';
+                            throw "oh no!";
                         }
                         else {
                             inferFromTypes(source, t);
@@ -7120,13 +7148,20 @@ namespace ts {
             return applyToContextualType(type, t => getIndexTypeOfStructuredType(t, kind));
         }
 
+        function contextualTypeIs (typePredicate: (t: Type) => boolean, t: Type): boolean {
+            return !!(t.flags & TypeFlags.Union ? forEach((<UnionType>t).types, typePredicate) : typePredicate(t));
+        }
+
         function contextualTypeIsStringLiteralType(type: Type): boolean {
-            return !!(type.flags & TypeFlags.Union ? forEach((<UnionType>type).types, isStringLiteralType) : isStringLiteralType(type));
+            return contextualTypeIs(isStringLiteralType, type);
         }
 
-        // Return true if the given contextual type is a tuple-like type
         function contextualTypeIsTupleLikeType(type: Type): boolean {
-            return !!(type.flags & TypeFlags.Union ? forEach((<UnionType>type).types, isTupleLikeType) : isTupleLikeType(type));
+            return contextualTypeIs(isTupleLikeType, type);
+        }
+
+        function contextualTypeIsTupleKind(type: Type): boolean {
+            return contextualTypeIs(isTupleKind, type);
         }
 
         // Return true if the given contextual type provides an index signature of the given kind
@@ -7461,6 +7496,12 @@ namespace ts {
                         return createTupleType(elementTypes);
                     }
                 }
+                else if (contextualType && contextualTypeIsTupleKind(contextualType)) {
+                    // TODO: Handle contextual typing by a binding pattern
+                    if (elementTypes.length) {
+                        return createTupleType(elementTypes);
+                    }
+                }
             }
             return createArrayType(elementTypes.length ? getUnionType(elementTypes) : undefinedType);
         }
@@ -8615,11 +8656,11 @@ namespace ts {
 
             // On this call to inferTypeArguments, we may get more inferences for certain type parameters that were not
             // fixed last time. This means that a type parameter that failed inference last time may succeed this time,
-            // or vice versa. Therefore, the failedTypeParameterIndex is useless if it points to an unfixed type parameter,
-            // because it may change. So here we reset it. However, getInferredType will not revisit any type parameters
-            // that were previously fixed. So if a fixed type parameter failed previously, it will fail again because
-            // it will contain the exact same set of inferences. So if we reset the index from a fixed type parameter,
-            // we will lose information that we won't recover this time around.
+            // or vice versa. Therefore, `failedTypeParameterIndex` is useless if it points to an unfixed type parameter,
+            // because it may change. So here we reset it if it's already fixed: getInferredType will not revisit any type parameters
+            // that were previously fixed. If a fixed type parameter failed previously, it will fail again because
+            // it will contain the exact same set of inferences. What's worse, resetting a fixed type parameter means that
+            // we would lose information that we won't recover this time around.
             if (context.failedTypeParameterIndex !== undefined && !context.inferences[context.failedTypeParameterIndex].isFixed) {
                 context.failedTypeParameterIndex = undefined;
             }
@@ -9172,7 +9213,7 @@ namespace ts {
             }
 
             // No signature was applicable. We have already reported the errors for the invalid signature.
-            // If this is a type resolution session, e.g. Language Service, try to get better information that anySignature.
+            // If this is a type resolution session, e.g. Language Service, try to get better information than anySignature.
             // Pick the first candidate that matches the arity. This way we can get a contextual type for cases like:
             //  declare function f(a: { xa: number; xb: number; });
             //  f({ |

tests/baselines/reference/tupleKinds.errors.txt

@@ -1,23 +1,32 @@
-tests/cases/compiler/tupleKinds.ts(7,5): error TS2322: Type '{}' is not assignable to type '[number, string, boolean, C]'.
+tests/cases/compiler/tupleKinds.ts(15,5): error TS2322: Type '{}' is not assignable to type '[number, string, boolean, C]'.
   Property '0' is missing in type '{}'.
 
 
 ==== tests/cases/compiler/tupleKinds.ts (1 errors) ====
+    function tupleId<...V>(y:...V): ...V {
+        return y;
+    }
     function tuple<...T>(...args:...T): ...T {
         return args;
     }
 
+    let inferredTupleId: [number, string, boolean] = tupleId([1, "foo", false]);
+
     class C { }
-    let inferred = tuple(1, "foo", false, new C());
-    let match: [number, string, boolean, C] = tuple(1, "foo", false, new C());
-        ~~~~~
+    let acceptType = tuple(4, "qux", false, new C());
+    // TODO: Negative cases don't fail yet when you supply complete type arguments
+    // TODO: Other negative cases
+    let typeArguments: [number, string, boolean, C] = tuple<[number, string, boolean, C]>(5, "quack", false, new C());
+    let inferred: [number, string, boolean, C] = tuple(6, "sequim", false, new C());
+        ~~~~~~~~
 !!! error TS2322: Type '{}' is not assignable to type '[number, string, boolean, C]'.
 !!! error TS2322:   Property '0' is missing in type '{}'.
-    function notSupportedYet<...T>(tuple: number | ...T): number {
-    	if(typeof tuple === 'number') {
-    		return tuple;
-    	}
-    	else {
-    		return -1;
-    	}
+
+    function spreadIntoUnionNotSupportedYet<...T>(tuple: number | ...T): number {
+        if(typeof tuple === 'number') {
+            return tuple;
+        }
+        else {
+            return -1;
+        }
     }

tests/baselines/reference/tupleKinds.js

@@ -1,36 +1,52 @@
 //// [tupleKinds.ts]
+function tupleId<...V>(y:...V): ...V {
+    return y;
+}
 function tuple<...T>(...args:...T): ...T {
     return args;
 }
 
+let inferredTupleId: [number, string, boolean] = tupleId([1, "foo", false]);
+
 class C { }
-let inferred = tuple(1, "foo", false, new C());
-let match: [number, string, boolean, C] = tuple(1, "foo", false, new C());
-function notSupportedYet<...T>(tuple: number | ...T): number {
-	if(typeof tuple === 'number') {
-		return tuple;
-	}
-	else {
-		return -1;
-	}
+let acceptType = tuple(4, "qux", false, new C());
+// TODO: Negative cases don't fail yet when you supply complete type arguments
+// TODO: Other negative cases
+let typeArguments: [number, string, boolean, C] = tuple<[number, string, boolean, C]>(5, "quack", false, new C());
+let inferred: [number, string, boolean, C] = tuple(6, "sequim", false, new C());
+
+function spreadIntoUnionNotSupportedYet<...T>(tuple: number | ...T): number {
+    if(typeof tuple === 'number') {
+        return tuple;
+    }
+    else {
+        return -1;
+    }
 }
 
 //// [tupleKinds.js]
+function tupleId(y) {
+    return y;
+}
 function tuple() {
     var args = [];
     for (var _i = 0; _i < arguments.length; _i++) {
         args[_i - 0] = arguments[_i];
     }
     return args;
 }
+var inferredTupleId = tupleId([1, "foo", false]);
 var C = (function () {
     function C() {
     }
     return C;
 })();
-var inferred = tuple(1, "foo", false, new C());
-var match = tuple(1, "foo", false, new C());
-function notSupportedYet(tuple) {
+var acceptType = tuple(4, "qux", false, new C());
+// TODO: Negative cases don't fail yet when you supply complete type arguments
+// TODO: Other negative cases
+var typeArguments = tuple(5, "quack", false, new C());
+var inferred = tuple(6, "sequim", false, new C());
+function spreadIntoUnionNotSupportedYet(tuple) {
     if (typeof tuple === 'number') {
         return tuple;
     }

tests/cases/compiler/tupleKinds.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,20 @@
+function tupleId<...V>(y:...V): ...V {
+    return y;
+}
 function tuple<...T>(...args:...T): ...T {
     return args;
 }
 
+let inferredTupleId: [number, string, boolean] = tupleId([1, "foo", false]);
+
 class C { }
-let inferred = tuple(1, "foo", false, new C());
-let match: [number, string, boolean, C] = tuple(1, "foo", false, new C());
-function notSupportedYet<...T>(tuple: number | ...T): number {
+let acceptType = tuple(4, "qux", false, new C());
+// TODO: Negative cases don't fail yet when you supply complete type arguments
+// TODO: Other negative cases
+let typeArguments: [number, string, boolean, C] = tuple<[number, string, boolean, C]>(5, "quack", false, new C());
+let inferred: [number, string, boolean, C] = tuple(6, "sequim", false, new C());
+
+function spreadIntoUnionNotSupportedYet<...T>(tuple: number | ...T): number {
     if(typeof tuple === 'number') {
         return tuple;
     }