Review urlescape percent-safe set, and use + behavior for form spaces.

httpx/_urlparse.py

@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@
     ]
 )
 
+
 # {scheme}:      (optional)
 # //{authority}  (optional)
 # {path}
@@ -478,7 +479,7 @@ def PERCENT(string: str) -> str:
     return "".join([f"%{byte:02X}" for byte in string.encode("utf-8")])
 
 
-def percent_encoded(string: str, safe: str = "/") -> str:
+def percent_encoded(string: str, safe: str) -> str:
     """
     Use percent-encoding to quote a string.
     """
@@ -493,7 +494,7 @@ def percent_encoded(string: str, safe: str = "/") -> str:
     )
 
 
-def quote(string: str, safe: str = "/") -> str:
+def quote(string: str, safe: str) -> str:
     """
     Use percent-encoding to quote a string, omitting existing '%xx' escape sequences.
 
@@ -524,26 +525,3 @@ def quote(string: str, safe: str = "/") -> str:
         parts.append(percent_encoded(trailing_text, safe=safe))
 
     return "".join(parts)
-
-
-def urlencode(items: list[tuple[str, str]]) -> str:
-    """
-    We can use a much simpler version of the stdlib urlencode here because
-    we don't need to handle a bunch of different typing cases, such as bytes vs str.
-
-    /~https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/b2f7b2ef0b5421e01efb8c7bee2ef95d3bab77eb/Lib/urllib/parse.py#L926
-
-    Note that we use '%20' encoding for spaces. and '%2F  for '/'.
-    This is slightly different than `requests`, but is the behaviour that browsers use.
-
-    See
-    - /~https://github.com/encode/httpx/issues/2536
-    - /~https://github.com/encode/httpx/issues/2721
-    - https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.parse.html#urllib.parse.urlencode
-    """
-    return "&".join(
-        [
-            percent_encoded(k, safe="") + "=" + percent_encoded(v, safe="")
-            for k, v in items
-        ]
-    )

httpx/_urls.py

@@ -1,17 +1,31 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import typing
-from urllib.parse import parse_qs, unquote
+from urllib.parse import parse_qs, unquote, urlencode
 
 import idna
 
 from ._types import QueryParamTypes
-from ._urlparse import urlencode, urlparse
+from ._urlparse import urlparse
 from ._utils import primitive_value_to_str
 
 __all__ = ["URL", "QueryParams"]
 
 
+# To urlencode query parameters, we use the whatwg query percent-encode set
+# and additionally escape U+0025 (%), U+0026 (&), U+002B (+) and U+003D (=).
+
+# https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#percent-encoded-bytes
+
+URLENCODE_SAFE = "".join(
+    [
+        chr(i)
+        for i in range(0x20, 0x7F)
+        if i not in (0x20, 0x22, 0x23, 0x25, 0x26, 0x2B, 0x3C, 0x3D, 0x3E)
+    ]
+)
+
+
 class URL:
     """
     url = httpx.URL("HTTPS://jo%40email.com:a%20secret@müller.de:1234/pa%20th?search=ab#anchorlink")
@@ -605,14 +619,7 @@ def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
         return sorted(self.multi_items()) == sorted(other.multi_items())
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
-        """
-        Note that we use '%20' encoding for spaces, and treat '/' as a safe
-        character.
-
-        See /~https://github.com/encode/httpx/issues/2536 and
-        https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.parse.html#urllib.parse.urlencode
-        """
-        return urlencode(self.multi_items())
+        return urlencode(self.multi_items(), safe=URLENCODE_SAFE)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         class_name = self.__class__.__name__

tests/models/test_url.py

@@ -141,19 +141,14 @@ def test_path_query_fragment(url, raw_path, path, query, fragment):
 
 
 def test_url_query_encoding():
-    """
-    URL query parameters should use '%20' for encoding spaces,
-    and should treat '/' as a safe character. This behaviour differs
-    across clients, but we're matching browser behaviour here.
-
-    See /~https://github.com/encode/httpx/issues/2536
-    and /~https://github.com/encode/httpx/discussions/2460
-    """
     url = httpx.URL("https://www.example.com/?a=b c&d=e/f")
     assert url.raw_path == b"/?a=b%20c&d=e/f"
 
+    url = httpx.URL("https://www.example.com/?a=b+c&d=e/f")
+    assert url.raw_path == b"/?a=b+c&d=e/f"
+
     url = httpx.URL("https://www.example.com/", params={"a": "b c", "d": "e/f"})
-    assert url.raw_path == b"/?a=b%20c&d=e%2Ff"
+    assert url.raw_path == b"/?a=b+c&d=e/f"
 
 
 def test_url_params():
@@ -289,9 +284,10 @@ def test_url_leading_dot_prefix_on_relative_url():
 
 
 def test_param_with_space():
-    # Params passed as form key-value pairs should be escaped.
+    # Params passed as form key-value pairs should be form escaped,
+    # Including the special case of "+" for space seperators.
     url = httpx.URL("http://webservice", params={"u": "with spaces"})
-    assert str(url) == "http://webservice?u=with%20spaces"
+    assert str(url) == "http://webservice?u=with+spaces"
 
 
 def test_param_requires_encoding():
@@ -313,7 +309,7 @@ def test_param_with_existing_escape_requires_encoding():
     # even if they include a valid escape sequence.
     # We want to match browser form behaviour here.
     url = httpx.URL("http://webservice", params={"u": "http://example.com?q=foo%2Fa"})
-    assert str(url) == "http://webservice?u=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%3Fq%3Dfoo%252Fa"
+    assert str(url) == "http://webservice?u=http://example.com?q%3Dfoo%252Fa"
 
 
 # Tests for query parameter percent encoding.