diff --git a/CHANGELOG.rst b/CHANGELOG.rst
index 8cd5d977e..646defb85 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.rst
+++ b/CHANGELOG.rst
@@ -130,6 +130,11 @@ Features:
 - Typing: Improve type coverage of `marshmallow.Schema.SchemaMeta` (:pr:`2761`).
 - Typing: `marshmallow.Schema.loads` parameter allows `bytes` and `bytesarray` (:pr:`2769`).
 
+Bug fixes:
+
+- Respect ``data_key`` when schema validators raise a `ValidationError <marshmallow.exceptions.ValidationError>` 
+  with a ``field_name`` argument (:issue:`2170`). Thanks :user:`matejsp` for reporting.
+
 Documentation:
 
 - Add :doc:`upgrading guides <upgrading>` for 3.24 and 3.26 (:pr:`2780`).
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index f4e582473..40bc2ea0b 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ include = [
 exclude = ["docs/_build/"]
 
 [tool.ruff]
-src = ["src"]
+src = ["src", "tests", "examples"]
 fix = true
 show-fixes = true
 output-format = "full"
diff --git a/src/marshmallow/schema.py b/src/marshmallow/schema.py
index b42b3a09d..eb0cba04c 100644
--- a/src/marshmallow/schema.py
+++ b/src/marshmallow/schema.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
     VALIDATES_SCHEMA,
 )
 from marshmallow.error_store import ErrorStore
-from marshmallow.exceptions import StringNotCollectionError, ValidationError
+from marshmallow.exceptions import SCHEMA, StringNotCollectionError, ValidationError
 from marshmallow.orderedset import OrderedSet
 from marshmallow.utils import get_value, is_collection, set_value
 
@@ -765,16 +765,16 @@ def loads(
 
     def _run_validator(
         self,
-        validator_func,
+        validator_func: types.SchemaValidator,
         output,
         *,
         original_data,
-        error_store,
-        many,
-        partial,
-        unknown,
-        pass_original,
-        index=None,
+        error_store: ErrorStore,
+        many: bool,
+        partial: bool | types.StrSequenceOrSet | None,
+        unknown: types.UnknownOption | None,
+        pass_original: bool,
+        index: int | None = None,
     ):
         try:
             if pass_original:  # Pass original, raw data (before unmarshalling)
@@ -784,7 +784,26 @@ def _run_validator(
             else:
                 validator_func(output, partial=partial, many=many, unknown=unknown)
         except ValidationError as err:
-            error_store.store_error(err.messages, err.field_name, index=index)
+            field_name = err.field_name
+            data_key: str
+            if field_name == SCHEMA:
+                data_key = SCHEMA
+            else:
+                field_obj: Field | None = None
+                try:
+                    field_obj = self.fields[field_name]
+                except KeyError:
+                    if field_name in self.declared_fields:
+                        field_obj = self.declared_fields[field_name]
+                if field_obj:
+                    data_key = (
+                        field_obj.data_key
+                        if field_obj.data_key is not None
+                        else field_name
+                    )
+                else:
+                    data_key = field_name
+            error_store.store_error(err.messages, data_key, index=index)
 
     def validate(
         self,
diff --git a/src/marshmallow/types.py b/src/marshmallow/types.py
index 7a60bef1d..8f060baaf 100644
--- a/src/marshmallow/types.py
+++ b/src/marshmallow/types.py
@@ -26,6 +26,18 @@
 UnknownOption: TypeAlias = typing.Literal["exclude", "include", "raise"]
 
 
+class SchemaValidator(typing.Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        output: typing.Any,
+        original_data: typing.Any = ...,
+        *,
+        partial: bool | StrSequenceOrSet | None = None,
+        unknown: UnknownOption | None = None,
+        many: bool = False,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+
 class RenderModule(typing.Protocol):
     def dumps(
         self, obj: typing.Any, *args: typing.Any, **kwargs: typing.Any
diff --git a/tests/test_decorators.py b/tests/test_decorators.py
index 3f3dd69ee..a35ceb128 100644
--- a/tests/test_decorators.py
+++ b/tests/test_decorators.py
@@ -676,6 +676,34 @@ def validate_many(self, data, many, **kwargs):
         assert "bar" in errors[0]
         assert "_schema" not in errors
 
+    # /~https://github.com/marshmallow-code/marshmallow/issues/2170
+    def test_data_key_is_used_in_errors_dict(self):
+        class MySchema(Schema):
+            foo = fields.Int(data_key="fooKey")
+
+            @validates("foo")
+            def validate_foo(self, value, **kwargs):
+                raise ValidationError("from validates")
+
+            @validates_schema(skip_on_field_errors=False)
+            def validate_schema(self, data, **kwargs):
+                raise ValidationError("from validates_schema str", field_name="foo")
+
+            @validates_schema(skip_on_field_errors=False)
+            def validate_schema2(self, data, **kwargs):
+                raise ValidationError({"fooKey": "from validates_schema dict"})
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as excinfo:
+            MySchema().load({"fooKey": 42})
+        exc = excinfo.value
+        assert exc.messages == {
+            "fooKey": [
+                "from validates",
+                "from validates_schema str",
+                "from validates_schema dict",
+            ]
+        }
+
 
 def test_decorator_error_handling():
     class ExampleSchema(Schema):