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<!-- respecter
Copyright 2022 - Swiss Data Science Center (SDSC)
A partnership between École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETHZ).
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
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WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License. -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>Terms of Service Language Ontology</title>
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authors: [
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<body>
<section id="abstract">
<p>This document presents an ontology designed to represent the contractual terms of Software as a Service (SaaS)
Terms of Service (ToS) using the Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL). The ontology supports the formal
representation of deontic modalities, enabling the precise definition of terms related to arbitration, applicable
law, content removal, liability and modification/termination clauses. By leveraging ODRL, it ensures structured
semantics for clear and precise interpretations of contractual obligations, permissions and prohibitions within
SaaS agreements.</p>
</section>
<section class="informative">
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p><strong>Abusive services</strong> are characterised by the inclusion of <strong>terms in their Customer
Agreements (CAs)</strong>, resulting in a substantial imbalance between the rights and obligations of the
contracting parties, to the detriment of consumers. Legal frameworks such as the EU Directive on Unfair Contract
Terms (UCTD) seek to protect consumers from the adverse effects of unilaterally drafted contracts imposed by
service providers. However, identifying unfair terms remains a challenging task, requiring meticulous legalese
analysis. This process is often tedious, time-consuming, and error-prone, resulting in a lack of awareness among
consumers about the potential risks associated with accepting a service provider’s terms of service.</p>
<p>The <strong>ODLR Profile for Terms of Service Language (TOSL)</strong> aims to address the complexities of CAs by
providing a formal mechanism for structuring and organising
the set of responsibilities described in the ToS, in order to ultimately perform analysis operations on the
structured knowledge. Specifically, TOSL extends the ODRL by incorporating the representation of
<strong>liabilities</strong>, their
<strong>limitations</strong>, and <strong>dispute resolution</strong> mechanisms, concepts that are difficult to
represent using the existing ODRL
framework. Additionally, it introduces new terms in the base vocabulary, as well as relationships and entities
specific to this domain to represent the terms more accurately. The expanded terminology supports responses to the
defined CQs, which partially ensures transparency and fairness, contributing to the creation of more equitable and
understandable ToS, and mitigating operational risks.
</p>
<table>
<caption>Key Competency Questions and Domain Concepts</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Competency Questions</th>
<th>Domain Concepts</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><em>A</em>. Is arbitration mandatory before taking any court action?</td>
<td>Arbitration, Litigation, Dispute</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>LAW</em>. Is the governing law fixed and different from the consumer's country of residence?</td>
<td>Law, Consumer Country</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>CR</em>. Can the service provider remove the consumer's content?</td>
<td>Remove, Consumer Content</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>USE</em>. In what ways does the consumer provide consent to the terms of a contract?</td>
<td>Consent, Implicit, Explicit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>J</em>. Does the jurisdiction require dispute resolution outside the consumer's residence?</td>
<td>Jurisdiction, Consumer Courts, Dispute Resolution</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>LTD</em>. Does the contract state that the provider is liable for any damages or losses?</td>
<td>Liability, Any Damages, Limit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>CH</em>. Does the contract require the provider to give notice before making changes?</td>
<td>Change, Prior Notice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>TER</em>. Can the provider terminate the contract unilaterally?</td>
<td>Terminate, Justification</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Profile diagram</h3>
<p>The figure below illustrates the concepts defined by the ODRL Profile for Terms of Service. These concepts
facilitate the modeling of statements outlined in cloud provider agreements and enable the evaluation of the
previously formulated questions to identify potentially abusive contractual terms.</p>
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/isa-group/tosl/refs/heads/main/img/tosl_model.svg" width="100%"
alt="tosl concepts" />
<h3>Namespaces</h3>
<table class="def">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Prefix</th>
<th>Namespace</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>owl</td>
<td>http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#</td>
<td>[[owl2-overview]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>rdf</td>
<td>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#</td>
<td>[[rdf-concepts]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>xsd</td>
<td>http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#</td>
<td>xmlschema</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>rdfs</td>
<td>http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#</td>
<td>[[rdf-schema]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>odrl</td>
<td>http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/</td>
<td>[[ODRL Vocabulary]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>skos</td>
<td>http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#</td>
<td>[[skos-reference]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dcterms</td>
<td>http://purl.org/dc/terms/</td>
<td><a href=http://purl.org/dc/terms/">[[dcterms]]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>vann</td>
<td>http://purl.org/vocab/vann/</td>
<td><a href="http://purl.org/vocab/vann/">[[vann]]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>profile</td>
<td>http://www.w3.org/ns/dx/prof/</td>
<td><a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/dx/prof/">profile</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tosl</td>
<td>https://w3id.org/tosl/</td>
<td><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/">ToS Language Profile</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Profile specification</h2>
<p>The TOSL profile focuses on specifying Terms of Service (ToS) terms by representing obligations, rights,
prohibitions, limits of responsibilities for the parties, and conflict resolution aspects, enabling operations
such as identifying potentially unfair terms. New objects that have been added, as well as extensions to the core
ODRL vocabulary, are defined below.</p>
<h3 id="">Dispute Resolution</h3>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Dispute Resolution</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Employed to specify the mechanisms for resolving disputes among the parties involved in the agreement</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/DisputeResolution">tosl:DisputeResolution</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Sub-classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Arbitration">tosl:Arbitration</a>,
<a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Litigation">tosl:Litigation</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Property</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/takesPlaceIn">tosl:takesPlaceIn</a>,
<a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/governedBy">tosl:governedBy</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4 id="">Governed By</h4>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Governed By</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Establishes the connection to the specific legal framework that governs the agreement</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/governedBy">tosl:governedBy</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Domain</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/DisputeResolution">tosl:DisputeResolution</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Range</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Law">tosl:Law</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4 id="">Takes Place In</h4>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Takes Place In</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>This term describes the relationship between Dispute Resolution and Jurisdiction, specifying the location
where disputes are to be resolved</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/takesPlaceIn">tosl:takesPlaceIn</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Domain</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/DisputeResolution">tosl:DisputeResolution</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Range</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Jurisdiction">tosl:Jurisdiction</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4 id="">On Dispute</h4>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>On Dispute</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Represents the relationship between a Policy and its associated Dispute Resolution mechanism, specifying
how, where, and under which law disputes arising under the Policy will be resolved</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Property</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/onDispute">tosl:onDispute</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Domain</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/Policy">odrl:Policy</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Range</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/DisputeResolution">tosl:DisputeResolution</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4 id="">Has Condition</h4>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Has Condition</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>This relationship enables the specification of particular restrictions that apply to the dispute</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/condition">tosl:condition</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Domain</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/DisputeResolution">tosl:DisputeResolution</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Range</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/Constraint">odrl:Constraint</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="">Arbitration</h3>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Arbitration</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Arbitration is a process for resolving disputes without recourse to conventional judicial systems,
typically managed by an arbitrator</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Arbitration">tosl:Arbitration</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Property</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/requires">tosl:requires</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="">Litigation</h3>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Litigation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Litigation is a legal process in which the provider or customer, acting as the plaintiff, initiates
proceedings against the other party, called the defendant, before a civil court in a settlement dispute</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Litigation">tosl:Litigation</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Property</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/requires">tosl:requires</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4 id="">Requires</h4>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Requires</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>This relationship specifies that all disputes must be resolved through arbitration</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/requires">tosl:requires</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Domain</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Litigation">tosl:Litigation</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Range</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Arbitration">tosl:Arbitration</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="">Jurisdiction</h3>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Jurisdiction</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Jurisdiction refers to the specific location or legal authority where a dispute must be resolved</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Jurisdiction">tosl:Jurisdiction</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Property</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/takesPlaceIn">tosl:takesPlaceIn</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="">Law</h3>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Law</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Law refers to the specific statutes and regulations that govern an agreement and are applicable in
resolving any disputes arising from it</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Law">tosl:Law</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Property</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/governedBy">tosl:governedBy</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4 id="">Consumer Place Law</h4>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Consumer Place Law</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>This provision states that the law governing the agreement is that of the consumer's country or the law
that affects the consumer</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/consumerPlaceLaw">tosl:consumerPlaceLaw</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4 id="">California Law</h4>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>California Law</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>This instance denotes that the governing law applicable to the agreement is that of California</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/californiaLaw">tosl:californiaLaw</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4 id="">European Law</h4>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>European Law</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>this stipulates that the law regulating the agreement is European law</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/europeanLaw">tosl:europeanLaw</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="">Liability</h3>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Liability</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Liability refers to the specific provisions that define and restrict the extent to which each party in the
agreement can be held accountable for damages or losses</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Liability">tosl:Liability</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Property</p>
</td>
<td>
<p> <a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/limitationOfLiability">tosl:limitationOfLiability</a>,
<a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/liability">tosl:liability</a>,
<a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/liableParty">tosl:liableParty</a>,
<a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/limitation">tosl:limitation</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4 id="">With Liability</h4>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>With Liability</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Establishes the relationship between a rule, policy or asset and the applicable liabilities, describing the
duties or obligations to be assumed in a specific context</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/liability">tosl:liability</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Domain</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/Policy">odrl:Policy</a>,
<a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/Rule">odrl:Rule</a>,
<a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/Asset">odrl:Asset</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Range</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Liability">tosl:Liability</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4 id="">Liable Party</h4>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Liable Party</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>This term establishes the connection between liability and a party to whom they apply</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/liableParty">tosl:liableParty</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Domain</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Liability">tosl:Liability</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Range</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/Party">odrl:Party</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4 id="">Has Limitation</h4>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Has Limitation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Defines a relationship that allows specifying particular restrictions or conditions related to the
limitation of liabilities of a party</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/limitation">tosl:limitation</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Domain</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Liability">tosl:Liability</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Range</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/Constraint">odrl:Constraint</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
<h4 id="">With Limitation Of Liability</h4>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>With Limitation Of Liability</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Defines the relationship that links a rule, policy or asset to the limitations of liability applicable to
one or more parties, specifying the scope and restrictions in cases of damages or breaches</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/limitationOfLiability">tosl:limitationOfLiability</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Domain</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/Policy">odrl:Policy</a>,
<a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/Rule">odrl:Rule</a>,
<a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/Asset">odrl:Asset</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Range</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><a href="https://w3id.org/tosl/Liability">tosl:Liability</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4 id="">Any Liability</h4>
<table class="def">
<tr>
<td>
<p>Label</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Any Liability</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Definition</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>This liability provision specifies that the designated party may or may not be held liable for damages
caused by the other party.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Term</p>
</td>
<td>