-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathhistory_of_syria_ar.html@section=3.html
232 lines (179 loc) · 10.1 KB
/
history_of_syria_ar.html@section=3.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<!-- This is the SDLC-Main-Template -->
<!-- Mirrored from cdli.ucla.edu/collections/syria/history_of_syria_ar.html@section=3.html by HTTrack Website Copier/3.x [XR&CO'2014], Sun, 15 Jan 2023 08:51:47 GMT -->
<!-- Added by HTTrack --><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /><!-- /Added by HTTrack -->
<head>
<title>
SDLC overview of Syrian Collections of Cuneiform Tablets
</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="template.css" />
</head>
<script src="https://cdli.ucla.edu/js/startup_script.js"></script>
<body>
<center>
<table width="900" height="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" border="0" class="main">
<tr>
<td valign="top" height="110" colspan="2">
<!-- <object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://fpdownload.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=8,0,0,0" width="900" height="110" id="sdlcbanner7" align="middle"> -->
<!-- <param name="allowScriptAccess" value="sameDomain" /> -->
<!-- <param name="movie" value="sdlcbanner7.swf" /> -->
<!-- <param name="quality" value="high" /> -->
<!-- <param name="bgcolor" value="#000000" /> -->
<!-- <embed src="images/sdlcbanner7.swf" quality="high" bgcolor="#000000" width="900" height="110" name="sdlcbanner7" align="middle" allowScriptAccess="sameDomain" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" /> -->
<!-- </object> -->
<img src="images/static_banner.png" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="topnav">
<!-- Top Navigation -->
<center>
<table height="60" width="90%">
<tr>
<td class="topleft" valign="top" width="50%">
<a href="http://www.moc.gov.sy/" target="_blank">
<h3 class="link"><span lang="ar-sy">
<font size="5" face="Arial">وزارة
الثقافة </font></span></h3>
</a>
</td>
<td class="topright" valign="top" width="50%">
<a target="_blank" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/">
<h3 class="link">Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI)</h3>
</a>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="topleft" valign="top" width="50%">
<a target="_blank" href="http://www.dgam.gov.sy/">
<h3 class="link"><span lang="ar-sy"><font size="4" face="Arial">المديرية العامة
للآثار والمتاحف</font></span></h3>
</a>
</td>
<td class="topright" valign="top">
<a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/en/index.html">
<h3 class="link">Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (MPIWG)</h3>
</a>
<br>
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td class="topleft" valign="top">
<h3 class="link"><font face="Arial"><span lang="ar-sy">المتاحف السورية</span></font></h3>
<!-- <tal:block tal:condition="python: section=='3'">-->
<table width="100%" class="subnav">
<tr>
<td class="topleft">
<a href="damascus_ar.html%40section%3d3.html">
<span lang="ar-sy"><font size="4"><b>ا</b></font><b><font size="2">لمتحف
الوطني في دمشق</font></b></span></a>
<br />
<a href="aleppo_ar.html%40section%3d3.html">
<b>المتحف
الوطني في حلب</b></a>
<br />
<a href="idlib_ar.html%40section%3d3.html">
<span lang="ar-sy"><font size="2"><b>متحف إدلب</b></font></span></a>
<br />
<a href="deir_ar.html%40section%3d3.html">
<span lang="ar-sy"><font size="2"><b>متحف دير الزور</b></font></span><font size="2"><b>
</b>
</font>
</a>
<br />
<a href="raqqa_ar.html%40section%3d3.html">
<span lang="ar-sy"><font size="2"><b>متحف الرقة</b></font></span><font size="2"><b>
</b>
</font> </a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- </tal:block>-->
<br>
<a class="link" href="collections_overview_ar.html">
<font size="4" face="Arial"><b>نظرة <span lang="ar-sy">عامة حول</span>
مجموعات الرقم المسمارية في سورية</b></font></a>
</td>
<td class="topright" valign="top">
<a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://www.mae.u-paris10.fr/arscan/-ArScAn-Histoire-et-Archeologie-de-.html">
<h3 class="link">Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)</h3>
</a>
<br>
<a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://www.ifporient.org/">
<h3 class="link">Institut français du Proche-Orient (IFPO)</h3>
</a>
<br>
<a class="link" target="_blank" href="http://www.britac.ac.uk/INSTITUTES/IRAQ/">
<h3 class="link">British Institute for the Study of Iraq (BISI)</h3>
</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="syria_ar.html">
<i class="link">home</i>
</a>
<br>
<a href="sitemap_ar.html">
<i class="link">site-map</i>
</a>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" class="content" height="100%" width="500">
<!-- This is where the main content goes ... -->
<!-- this is the slot for the content -->
<h2> HISTORY OF SYRIA </h2>
<br />
<h2>Palaeolithic and first occupation</h2><br>
Earliest evidence of hominid presence in Syria dates back to about c. 700,000 years ago, when the first crude stone tools are being found. Neanderthal occupation is suggested by bones found at sites such as Dederiyeh Cave near Aleppo. Around 100,000 years, the great migrations of Anatomically Modern Humans replace Neanderthals in Levantine area. Climatic changes c. 15,000 years ago pushed humans in the Near East to the adoption of new occupation and food-procuring strategies.
<h2>Neolithic developments and Uruk presence in Syria</h2><br>
Around 10,000 years ago, the adoption of agriculture marks the all-important transition into Neolithic. Syria witnesses the emergence of the first Pre-Pottery Neolithic cultures in the Near East, including famous sites such as Mureybet and Abu Hureyra, created by sedentary populations with increasing dependence on food-producing systems. The advent of pottery c. 6,500 years ago, visible at sites such as Mureybet, is then (c. 4,500) follwed by the appearance of large, urban sites adhering to the traditions of Mesopotamian ‘Ubaid and Uruk cltures. Early urban sites in Syria include Tell Brak and Tell Mashnaqa.
<h2>Early Bronze Age polities</h2><br>
In the mid-3rd millenium BC, Syria witnesses the appearance of large urban sites and whole state systems. At first believed to be an extension of the Mesopotamian culture, the most prominent sites of Ebla and Mari rather suggest an indigenous process of formation of a state governed by a literate elite. Mesopotamian and Egyptian influences are visible in art, writing and religoious iconography. Syria can be thus considered as a cradle of one of the earliest known human civilisations.
<h2>Akkadian Occupation and Amorite kingdoms</h2><br>
Syrian kingdoms fall prey to the newly-fromed Akkadian empire in the late 3rd millenium BC. Although foreign administration and Akkadian writing system are imposed on Syrian cities, local artistic styles as well as religious traditions and dialects continue to thrive. The waning power of the Sargonic dynasty made way to the rise of Amorites, a Semitic people who occupied large parts of Syria, including cities such as Mari. After a brief breakdown in ubran tradition, the glory of cities such as Brak and Ebla was rejuvenated by the rise of a Hurrian-speaking Mittian Empire (1500-1300 BC).
<h2>Iron Age and the Great Empires</h2><br>
At the beginning of the 12th century BC, the balance of power in the eastern Mediterranean is upset by the advent of the Sea Peoples. This series of migrations causes some states (e.g. Hittite and Mittian Empires, Mycenean Greece) to collapse, while others (e.g. Egypt Middle Assyrian Empire) significantly dwindle in power. Syria than experiences the emergence of competing principalities, sometimes described as Neo- or Syro-Hittite. Neo-Hittite kings, speaking either Luwian or Aramaic languages, draw heavily from the artistic and architectural traditions of the fallen Hittite empire, which is visible in the Early Iron Age levels of sites like Aleppo and Carchemish. Majority of the independent Luwian-Aramaean polities is then subdued by the Neo-Assyrian Empire (900-609 BC), which then falls prey to Nebuchadnezzar and Cyrus of the Achaemenid Persia.<br><br>
<font size="1" align="right">Partially adopted from P.M.M.G. Akkermans & G.M. Schwartz 2003 <i>The archaeology of Syria : from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (c. 16,000-300 BC)</i>, Cambridge: CUP<br>
</font>
<br />
<!-- /content -->
</td>
<td valign="top" class="rightnav">
<!-- Right Navigations-Column -->
<br>
<a href="history_of_syria_en.html"><i>English</i></a>
<br>
<a href="history_of_syria_fr.html"><i>Français</i></a>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<a href="history_of_syria_ar.html" class="linkRight">
<span lang="ar-sy"><b><font size="4">تاريخ سورية القديم</font></b></span></a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="history_of_excavations_in_syria_ar.html">
<span lang="ar-sy"><b><font size="4">تارريخ التنقيب قي سورية</font></b></span></a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="cuneiform_texts_in_syria_ar.html" class="linkRight">
<span lang="ar-sy"><b><font size="4"> النصوص المسمارية المنشورة</font></b></span></a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="about_SDLC_ar.html" class="linkRight">
<span lang="ar-sy"><b><font size="4">حول </font></b> </span><b>
<font size="4">SDLC </font></b> </a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</body>
<!-- Mirrored from cdli.ucla.edu/collections/syria/history_of_syria_ar.html@section=3.html by HTTrack Website Copier/3.x [XR&CO'2014], Sun, 15 Jan 2023 08:51:47 GMT -->
</html>